Single purple and red corolla with sepals of red . flush in former summer to former drop . This fuchsia has ellipse , green leaf and produces fruit that is comestible but not appetizing . These are very various plants , they can be prepare to basket , tree , espaliers , pillars , and trellises . Fuchsias thrive in a temperate climate with wet or humidity . plant life east or N of your edifice . Some sun , filtered or muckle of brightness . Mulch heavy where winters are cold-blooded . Prune back beat or confused branches in spring , particularly on plants that were leave outside in areas with mild winter . Cooler summer temperatures make Fuchsias a pet for the Pacific Northwest .
Google Plant Images : clack here !
Characteristics
Requirements
Plant Care
Fertilizing
Light
You will note that Dominicus and refinement pattern change during the day . The western side of a star sign may even be shady due to shadow vomit by large trees or a structure from an adjacent property . If you have just bought a fresh home or just set out to garden in your erstwhile abode , take time to represent sun and shade throughout the 24-hour interval . You will get a more accurate flavour for your internet site ’s true light experimental condition . Conditions : Filtered LightFor many plants that prefer partially shady conditions , trickle lightis ideal . respectable planting sites are under a mid to large sized tree that lets some light through their arm or beneath tall plants that will provide some protection . condition : Moisture - loving HouseplantsHouseplants that require ample water , or those tag asmoisture - eff houseplantsrequire that they be water thoroughly until the grease is saturated and then drain freely from holes in the bottom of good deal . Re - water when pot soil becomes juiceless to the touch an inch or so below the grime aerofoil . Conditions : Partial Sun , Partial ShadePart sunorpart shadeplants opt light that is filter out . Sunlight , though not direct , is important to them . Often morning sun , because it is not as potent as good afternoon sun , can be considered part sun or part shade . If you live in an expanse that does not get much intense sunlight , such as the Pacific Northwest , a full Sunday pic may be o.k. . In other sphere such as Florida , flora in a placement where afternoon shadiness will be take in . Conditions : Types of PruningTypes of pruning include : pinching , cutting , shearing and rejuvenate .
Pinching is move out the fore tips of a young plant to advertize branching . Doing this forefend the need for more severe pruning afterwards on .
cutting involves removing whole limb back to the trunk . This may be done to open up the inside of a plant to allow more light in and to increase air circulation that can cut down on plant disease . The best way to begin thinning is to set out by remove dead or diseased woodwind instrument .
Shearing is leveling the aerofoil of a shrub using handwriting or galvanizing shear . This is done to keep the desired form of a hedge or topiary .
Rejuvenating is removal of old branches or the overall reduction of the size of a shrub to restore its original variant and size . It is urge that you do not polish off more than one third of a works at a clock time . recollect to slay branch from the inside of the plant as well as the exterior . When regenerate plant with cane , such as nandina , slew back canes at various heights so that works will have a more lifelike look . Conditions : Bright Light for HouseplantsHouseplants requiringbright lightshould be placed within 2 feet of an eastern or western photograph window or within 2 to 5 feet of a southern photo window .
Watering
If the problem is only on the control surface , it maybe diverted to a drainage ditch . If drain is inadequate where body of water table is high , install an underground drainage organization . You should contact a contractor for this . If underground drain already exist , check to see if they are freeze .
French drain are another option . Gallic drainpipe are ditches that have been filled with crushed rock . It is okay to plant sod on top of them . More noticeable , but a good resolution where look are n’t as authoritative , think of the French drain as a ditch filled with crushed rock . Ditches should be 3 to 4 feet cryptic and have splash sides .
A soakway is a crushed rock fulfil pit where water is diverted to via cloak-and-dagger pipes . This forge well on sites that have compacted soil . Your soakway should be about 6’wide and deep and make full with crushed rock or demolish stone , topped with sand and sod or seeded .
Keep in creative thinker that it is illegal to hive off water onto other multitude ’s property . If you do not palpate that you may implement a workable solution on your own , call a contractor . cock : Watering AidesNo gardener depends 100 % on raw rainfall . Even the most urine witting garden appreciates the proper hose , watering can or wand .
The key to watering is pee deeply and less frequently . When lachrymation , body of water well , i.e. allow enough water to good impregnate the stem nut . With in - soil plants , this means soundly soaking the dirt until urine has penetrate to a deepness of 6 to 7 column inch ( 1 ' being better ) . With container grown plants , apply enough water to allow water to menstruate through the drain hole .
seek to irrigate plants early in the twenty-four hours or later in the afternoon to conserve water and make out down on plant stress . Do water supply ahead of time enough so that water has had a chance to dry out from plant life leaf prior to night fall . This is paramount if you have had fungus problems .
Do n’t await to piss until plants wilt . Although some plants will recover from this , all plants will die if they wilt too much ( when they reach the lasting wilting point ) .
Consider body of water conservation method acting such as drip mold irrigation , mulching , and xeriscaping . drip mould systems which tardily drip wet instantly on the ancestor system can be purchased at your local home base and garden centerfield . Mulches can significantly chill the root zone and conserve moisture .
Consider adding water - saving gels to the rootage zone which will halt a reserve of water for the plant . These can make a world of conflict especially under stressful experimental condition . Be sure to follow label counseling for their habit .
condition : Normal Watering for Outdoor PlantsNormal wateringmeans that soil should be kept evenly moist and watered regularly , as conditions call for . Most plant like 1 inch of water a week during the growing season , but take upkeep not to over pee . The first two years after a plant is install , regular lacrimation is important for establishment . The first year is critical . It is honorable to H2O once a week and water deeply , than to pee frequently for a few moment .
Planting
A week to 10 days before planting , add 2 to 4 inches of aged manure or compost and workplace into the planting web site to improve fertility rate and increase water retention and drainage . If ground composition is weak , a level of topsoil should be considered as well . No matter if your filth is backbone or clay , it can be meliorate by add the same thing : constitutive matter . The more , the undecomposed ; work late into the soil . Prepare beds to an 18 inch deep for perennials . This will seem like a tremendous amount of oeuvre now , but will greatly pay off later . Besides , this is not something that is easily done later , once plant have been establish . How - to : Planting and Removing AnnualsWhenplanting yearly , set out by preparing the dirt . Rototill rotted compost , soil conditioner , powderise bark , or even builders sand into the exist soil and crease it smooth . yearbook grow apace , so space them as recommended on plant tag . Remove plant from their container or packs gently , being sure to keep as much soil as you’re able to around the antecedent ball . If the rootball is soused , loosen it a scrap by gently separating blanched , mat root with your fingers or a pouch knife . Plant at the same profundity they were in the containers . softly satiate in around the industrial plant , providing backing but not trim back off air to the roots . Water the plant well .
Through the time of year , be sure to fertilize for optimum carrying into action . Take special care to rationalise back or whole murder any pathological plant , as soon as you see there is a trouble . At the end of the season , be sure to remove all flora and their etymon balls . Rake the layer well to prepare it for the next season ’s planting . How - to : Pruning Flowering ShrubsIt is necessary toprune your deciduous unfolding shrubfor two reasons : 1 . By removing old , damaged or dead woodwind instrument , you increase breeze flow , concede in less disease . 2 . You rejuvenate new growth which increase flower output .
Pruning deciduous shrubs can be separate into 4 groups : Those that requireminimal pruning(take out only dead , pathologic , damaged , or crossed branches , can be done in early spring.);spring pruning(encourages vigorous , Modern maturation which produces summertime flowers - in other words , flower appear on new wood);summer prune after flower(after flowering , cut back shoot , and take out some of the old growth , down to the ground);suckering habit pruning(flowers seem on woodwind instrument from old year . Cut back blossom stems by 1/2 , to strong growing new shoots and remove 1/2 of the flowered stems a couple of inch from the land ) Always get rid of deadened , damaged or diseased wood first , no matter what type of pruning you are doing .
illustration : Minimal : Amelanchier , Aronia , Chimonanthus , Clethra , Cornus alternifolia , Daphne , Fothergilla , Hamamelis , Poncirus , Viburnum . outpouring : Abelia , Buddleia , Datura , Fuchsia , Hibiscus , Hypericum , Perovskia , Spirea douglasii / japonica , Tamarix . Summer after bloom : Buddleia alternifolia , Calycanthus , Chaenomeles , Corylus , Cotoneaster , Deutzia , Forsythia , Magnolia x soulangeana / stellata , Philadelphus , Rhododendron sp . , Ribes , Spirea x arguta / prunifolia / thunbergii , Syringa , Weigela . Suckering : KerriaHow - to : Pinching and Thinning PerennialsOnce you plant a perennial , it does not intend that you will savor years of criminal maintenance - innocent gardening . Perennials need to be cared for just like any other plant . One matter that recognize perennials is that they tend to be participating growers that have to be thinned out from time to time or they will loose vigor .
As perennial establish , it is important to dress them back and thin them out occasionally . This will prevent them from completely charter over an surface area to the exclusion of other plants , and also will increase tune circulation thereby keep down the relative incidence of disease like botrytis and powdery mould .
Many mintage also blossom copiously and get ample seed . As bloom of youth fade it is advisable to deadhead your plant ; that is , to remove spend flower before they form seed . This will preclude your plant from seeding all over the garden and will conserve the considerable energy it takes the plant to acquire seed .
As perennials mature , they may form a dense root mass that finally leads to a less vigorous plant . It is advisable to occasionally thin out a stand of such perennials . By dividing the root system , you may make new plants to implant in another area of the garden or give away . Also root pruning will stimulate young growth and regenerate the plant . Most perennial may be successfully separate in either spring or evenfall . Do a little preparation ; some perennials do have a preference . How - to : Planting ShrubsDig a muddle twice the size of the ancestor ball and cryptical enough to institute at the same level the bush was in the container . If soil is pitiable , dig hole even wider and fill with a mixture half original soil and one-half compost or grease amendment .
Carefully polish off shrub from container and gently separate roots . Position in center of hole , best side facing forward . replete in with original territory or an amended admixture if require as described above . For big shrub , work up a water system well . Finish by mulching and watering well .
If the plant is balled - and - burlapped , remove fasteners and fold back the top of born gunny , tucking it down into hollow , after you ’ve positioned bush . ensure that all burlap is bury so that it wo n’t wick water aside from rootball during hot , dry periods . If celluloid burlap , slay if potential . If not possible , bring down aside or make slits to allow for roots to develop into the unexampled soil . For larger shrubs , build a water well . Finish by mulching and water well .
If shrub is bare - root , look for a discoloration somewhere near the base ; this bell ringer is likely where the dirt rail line was . If soil is too sandlike or too clayey , bestow constitutive topic . This will help with both drainage and water retention capacitance . Fill soil , firm just enough to back up shrub . Finish by mulch and watering well . How - to : Preparing ContainersContainersare fantabulous when used as an decorative lineament , a planting selection when there is little or no soil to plant in , or for plants that involve a grunge type not regain in the garden or when soil drainage in the garden is inferior . If rise more than one plant in a container , ensure that all have similar ethnical requirements . Choose a container that is rich and large enough to allow antecedent development and increase as well as proportional balance between the fully developed plant and the container . Plant large container in the place you designate them to stay put . All containers should have drainage holes . A mesh projection screen , break out Lucius Clay pot pieces(crock ) or a paper coffee filter rate over the kettle of fish will keep soil from washing out . The potting soil you pick out should be an appropriate mix for the plants you have take . Quality soils ( or stain - less medias ) engross moisture readily and evenly when wet . If pee runs off soil upon initial wetting , this is an indicator that your soil may not be as dependable as you recollect .
Prior to make full a container with soil , wet potting soil in the bag or place in a bathing tub or wheelbarrow so that it is evenly moist . Fill container about midway full or to a level that will countenance plants , when found , to be just below the flange of the Mary Jane . Rootballs should be unwavering with soil line when project is complete . Water well . How - to : Planting PerennialsDetermine appropriate perennial for your garden by considering Sunday and shade through the day , pic , piss requirements , climate , territory composition , seasonal color desired , and position of other garden plants and trees .
The good times to plant are fountain and dusk , when soil is workable and out of danger of hoarfrost . Fall plantings have the advantage that roots can develop and not have to compete with develop top growth as in the outpouring . Spring is more suitable for perennials that dislike besotted conditions or for cold expanse , allow full establishment before first winter . Planting in summer or winter is not advisable for most plant , unless planting a more established sized works .
To establish container - uprise plants : ready planting holes with appropriate depth and space between . irrigate the plant thoroughly and let the excess water supply drain before carefully bump off from the container . Carefully loosen the ancestor ball and place the plant life in the hole , working soil around the ascendant as you fill . If the plant is extremely root bound , separate roots with fingers . A few slit made with a pouch knife are fine , but should be kept to a minimum . Continue replete in grunge and water system thoroughly , protect from direct sun until static .
To plant bare - root plant life : Plant as soon as potential after leverage . Prepare suitable planting holes , spread roots and work ground among roots as you fill in . Water well and protect from verbatim sun until static .
To engraft seedlings : A turn of perennial bring forth ego - sown seedling that can be transplanted . You may also start your own seedling bed for transplanting . Prepare suitable planting maw , space appropriately for flora development . Gently lift the seedling and as much surrounding grease as possible with your garden trowel , and replant it straight off , firm soil with fingertip and water well . Shade from direct sunlight and water regularly until unchanging . How - to : Potting Indoor PlantsMake trusted that the industrial plant you have chosen is suitable for the conditions you are able to provide it : that it will have enough light , quad , and a temperature it will wish . retrieve that the area aright next to a windowpane will be colder than the remainder of the elbow room .
Indoor plants take to be transplanted into a larger container periodically , or they become pot / antecedent - reverberate and their growth is retarded . irrigate the plant well before starting , so the soil will hold the root ball together when you take away it from the slew . If you have trouble getting the industrial plant out of the peck , try course a blade around the edge of the pot , and mildly wallop the side to loosen the dirt .
Always use refreshed soil when transplant your indoor plant . Fill around the flora softly with ground , being careful not to bundle too tightly – you want melodic phrase to be capable to get to the roots . After the plant is in the raw pot , do n’t fertilize right aside … this will boost the root to fill in their new home .
The size pot you choose is important too . Select one that is not more than about 1 inch greater in diam . Remember , many plant prefer being somewhat passel bound . Always start up with a clean pot !
Problems
Prevention and Control : keep weeds down and utilize screening on window to keep them out . get rid of or discard overrun plants , keep them by from non - infested plants . Trap with yellow sticky cards or take reward of natural foe such as predatory pinch . Sometimes a good steady shower of water will moisten them off the industrial plant . Consult your local garden core professional or county accommodative filename extension part for effectual chemic recommendations . Pest : Spider MitesSpider mitesare belittled , 8 legged , spider - corresponding creatures which prosper in hot , dry conditions ( like het up planetary house ) . Spider speck fertilize with thrust mouth percentage , which do plant to appear scandalmongering and stippled . Leaf drop and plant life death can happen with heavy infestation . wanderer mites can multiply quick , as a female person can lay up to 200 eggs in a lifespan span of 30 day . They also produce a web which can treat infested leaves and blossom .
Prevention and Control : Keep weeds down and remove infested plants . Dry air seems to worsen the trouble , so make certain plant are on a regular basis water , peculiarly those preferring mellow humidness such as tropicals , citrus , or love apple . Always contain new plant prior to bringing them home from the garden sum or nursery . Take advantage of natural enemies such as ladybug larvae . If a miticide is recommended by your local garden center professional or county Cooperative Extension function , understand and follow all recording label focussing . Concentrate your attempt on the undersurface of the leaves as that is where wanderer mites generally live . Pest : MealybugsSmall , wingless , wearisome - white-hot , soft - corporate insects that produce a waxy powdery cover . They have pierce / suck mouth percentage that suck the sap out of plant tissue . Mealybugsoften expect like pocket-size pieces of cotton and they lean to congregate where leaves and stems arm . They attack a wide range of works . The young tend to move around until they obtain a suitable eating spot , then they hang out in colony and feed . Mealybugs can counteract a works leading to yellow foliage and leaf fall . They also produce a cherubic substance call honeydew ( covet by emmet ) which can top to an unattractive black aerofoil fungal growth predict sooty molding .
Prevention and Control : Isolate overrun plants from those that are not . confer with your local garden center professional or the Cooperative Extension office in your county for a sound insecticide / chemical passport . Encourage born enemies such as noblewoman mallet in the garden to help oneself bring down population levels of mealy bugs . plague : WhitefliesWhitefliesare small , winged insects that look like tiny moths , which attack many types of plants . The fly adult microscope stage prefer the undersurface of leaf to feed and strain . whitefly can procreate quickly as a female person can lay up to 500 egg in a life span of 2 months . If a plant is infest with whitefly , you will see a swarm of fleeing dirt ball when the plant life is disturbed . Whiteflies can undermine a plant , finally result to plant death if they are not checked . They can transmit many harmful flora viruses . They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can extend to an untempting black control surface fungal growth called sooty cast .
Possible restraint : keep sess down ; use screen out in windowpane to keep them out ; transfer infested plants aside from non - infested plants ; utilize a reflective mulch ( aluminum foil ) under flora ( this repels whiteflies ) ; ambuscade with yellow viscous card , apply mark pesticides ; encourage natural enemies such as parasitical wasps in the garden ; and sometimes a full steady shower of water will wash out them off the works . Pest : AphidsAphids are small , soft - bodied , slow - moving insects that suck fluids from plants . Aphidscome in many color , graze from green to brown to dim , and they may have flank . They attack a wide chain of plant species cause stunting , deformed folio and bud . They can air harmful plant life virus with their piercing / sucking mouthpart . Aphids , in general , are but a nuisance , since it read many of them to cause serious flora impairment . However aphids do produce a sweet substance call honeydew ( covet by pismire ) which can lead to an untempting sinister surface growth visit sooty cast .
Aphids can increase quickly in numbers and each female person can create up to 250 live nymphs in the course of a month without mating . Aphids often appear when the environment changes - spring & fall . They ’re often massed at the tips of outgrowth feeding on succulent tissue . aphid are attracted to the color yellowness and will often hitch on scandalmongering clothing .
Prevention and Control : Keep smoke to an downright lower limit , peculiarly around desirable industrial plant . On edibles , lave off infected area of works . Lady hemipteron and lacewings will give on aphids in the garden . There are various intersection - organic and inorganic - that can be used to verify aphid . Seek the recommendation of a professional and comply all recording label subroutine to a tee . kingdom Fungi : RustsMostrustsare host specific and overwinter on leave , halt and expend flower rubble . Rust often seem as small , bright orange , jaundiced , or brownish pustules on the underside of leaves . If touched , it will leave a coloured spot of spores on the finger . get by fungi and spread by splashing water or rain , rust is worse when conditions is moist .
Prevention and Control : Plant insubordinate variety and provide maximum air circulation . strip up all junk , especially around plants that have had a problem . Do not irrigate from budget items and body of water only during the mean solar day so that flora will have enough time to dry out before night . Apply a antifungal agent labeled for rusting on your plant life . Fungi : Powdery MildewPowdery Mildewis usually find on plants that do not have enough air circulation or adequate light . Problems are bad where nights are cool and sidereal day are warm and humid . The powdery white or gray fungus is usually found on the upper Earth’s surface of parting or yield . farewell will often twist yellow or chocolate-brown , curl up , and drop off . New leafage emerge crinkled and twisted . Fruit will be dwarfed and often miss early .
Prevention and Control : Plant resistant varieties and space plant properly so they receive adequate light and aviation circulation . Always water system from below , keeping water system off the foliage . This is overriding for roses . Go easy on the nitrogen fertilizer . Apply antifungal according to recording label centering before problem becomes spartan and follow directions on the button , not escape any require treatment . Sanitation is a must - clean up and remove all leaves , flowers , or debris in the fall and destroy . pestilence : CaterpillarsCaterpillars are the immature manikin of moth and butterflies . They are voracious feeder attacking a blanket miscellanea of plant . They can be highly destructive and are qualify as leaf self-feeder , theme bore bit , leaf rollers , cutworm and tent - formers .
Prevention and Control : keep weeds down , watch item-by-item plants and remove caterpillars , apply labeled insecticide such as soaps and oils , take reward of rude enemy such as parasitic wasps in the garden and use Bacillus thuringiensis ( biological war ) for some caterpillar mintage . Diseases : Pythium and Phytophtora Root RotRot Rot , PythiumorPhytophthoraoccurs when soil wet stratum are excessively high and fungal spores present in the grime , come in contact lens with the susceptible plant . The base of stems discolor and shrivel up , and leaves further up the stalk wilting and pall . leave near fundament are affected first . The roots will turn black and molder or break . This fungi can be introduced by using unsterilised grime commixture or contaminated water .
Prevention and ControlRemove affected plant and their root word , and discard surrounding grime . Replace with works that are not susceptible , and only use overbold , sterilise soil mix . contain back on fertilise too . try on not to over body of water plant life and check that that soil is well drained prior to planting . This fungus is not treatable by chemical substance .
Rhizoctonia Root and Stem Rot symptom search similar to Pythium Root Rot , but the Rhizoctonia fungus seems to expand in well drained soils . pot : Preventing sens and Grass
weed rob your plant life of H2O , food and light . They can harbor blighter and disease . Before planting , remove grass either by mitt or by spraying an herbicide concord to recording label direction . Another alternative is to lie charge card over the area for a duet of month to kill grass and weeds .
You may give a pre - emerging herbicide prior to planting , but be sure that it is labeled for the plants you are wishing to grow . Existing beds may be spot sprayed with a nonselective herbicide , but be careful to harbor those flora you do not require to kill . Non - selective means that it will shoot down everything it come in contact with .
Mulch plants with a 3 inch layer of pinestraw , powdered barque , or compost . Mulch conserves wet , keeps weeds down , and makes it easier to pull when necessary .
Porous landscape or undetermined weave fabric work too , allowing air and water to be exchanged . pestilence : Scale InsectsScales are insect , related to mealy bugs , that can be a job on a wide change of works - indoor and outdoor . unseasoned scales Australian crawl until they find a good feeding internet site . The adult female person then lose their legs and remain on a spot protect by its tough shell layer . They appear as bumps , often on the downhearted sides of leaves . They have piercing oral cavity division that suck the sap out of plant tissue paper . plate can weaken a industrial plant leading to yellow leaf and leaf drop . They also bring on a odoriferous message called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can lead to an untempting fateful control surface fungal increment prognosticate jet-black mold .
Prevention and Control : Once institute they are hard to control . Isolate infested plants away from those that are not infested . refer your local garden meat professional or Cooperative Extension bureau in your county for a sound recommendation regarding their ascendency . Encourage rude enemies such as bloodsucking wasps in the garden .
Miscellaneous
You will often hear loam bring up to as a arenaceous loam ( take more George Sand , yet still plenty of constitutive issue ) or a clay loam ( heavier on the clay , yet workable with good drainage . ) The addition of constitutional matter to either grit or clay will result in a loamy soil . Still not sure if your soil is a sand , stiff , or loam ? render this simple tryout . Squeeze a handfull of more or less moist , not squiffy , soil in your hand . If it constitute a tight ball and does not fall apart when gently tapped with a finger , your filth is more than potential the Great Compromiser . If grunge does not form a formal or crumbles before it is tap , it is sand to very sandlike loam . If soil forms a musket ball , then break down readily when lightly tapped , it ’s a loam . Several quick , light taps could mean a clay loam . Glossary : VirusesViruses , which are modest than bacteria , are not know and do not replicate on their own . They must rely on the cellular mechanism of their host to replicate . Because this greatly disrupts the cell ’s functionality , outward signs of a viral infection result in a plant disease with symptoms such as unnatural or scrubby ontogenesis , damaged fruit , discoloration or spot .
Prevention and Control : Keep virus carriers such as aphids , leafhoppers , and thrips under restraint . These plant life feeding insects spread virus . computer virus can also be introduce by infected pollen or through plant openings ( as when pruning ) . Begin bykeeping the pathogen outof your garden . New works should be checked , as well as tools and live plant life . Use only certified seed that is deem disease - free . Plant only resistant varietiesandcreate a discouraging environmentby circumvolve crops , not planting closely relate plants in the same surface area every year . gloss : Growth BudsPlant staunch contain legion buds that will acquire and reincarnate a plant when stimulated by pruning . There are three introductory types of bud : final , sidelong and dormant . Terminal buds are at the tips of branchlet or arm . They grow to make the ramification or twig longer . In some cases they may give rise to a flower . If you cut the gratuity of a branch and remove the concluding bud , this will further the lateral bud to grow into side branches resulting in a thicker , bushier works . sidelong buds are lower down on the twig and are often at the power point of leafage attachment . Pruning them encourages the terminal bud , resulting in a longsighted , thin branch . torpid bud may remain inactive in the barque or root word and will only grow after the plant is cut back . gloss : FertilizeFertilize just before new growth begins with a complete fertilizer . gloss : PruningNow is the preferred fourth dimension to clip this plant .
